Revista de Pensamiento Crítico Aymara

Elections and forms of representative democracy for the Andean and Amazonian peoples

Vicente Alanoca Arocutipa — 2026-06-30

En el Perú vivimos el año 2026 como un “año electoral”; ya finalizando el conteo, se tiene un ganador, aunque duele aceptar para muchos. En ese marco, ya tenemos con credenciales a los diputados y senadores, a pesar de que López Aliaga se resiste a recibirlas, ello seguirá su curso. Lo cierto es que llegamos fragmentados y divididos en más de 40 partidos, 35 planchas presidenciales de distintas orientaciones ideológicas, políticas, económicas y culturales, donde algunos líderes o caudillos de los pueblos andinos y amazónicos se cobijaron o los cobijaron según sus intereses y a sus medidas. Ello parece muy interesante, porque están en todos sus derechos, pero lo indignante es que se aliaron con quienes pidieron reprimir o reprimieron a quienes salieron a protestar por la forma como fue sacado Pedro Castillo.

Nivel de cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas de manipulación de alimentos desde la perspectiva de los colaboradores

Daysi Judith Chavez Nuñez — 2026-06-30

The objective of this research was to identify the level of compliance with Good Food Handling Practices (GFHP) in countryside restaurants located in the urban area of the District of Huanta, Ayacucho Region, Peru, from the perspective of their staff. The study had a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, and cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 45 employees from 9 countryside restaurants. The technique used was a survey, applying a questionnaire validated by expert judgment. Regarding the reliability of the instrument, a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.884 was obtained, indicating high reliability of the collected data. The results revealed that 57.78% of the staff comply with GFHP at a medium level, 22.22% at a low level, and 20.00% at a high level, with medium compliance being the most predominant. In conclusion, most employees in these restaurants show a medium level of compliance with Good Food Handling Practices.

THE DISCIPLINARY PROCESSES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE COMMISSION OF DISCIPLINARY ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES

Saturnino Vizcarra Pinto — 2026-07-01

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the relationship between disciplinary processes and the performance of the Disciplinary Administrative Processes Commission of the Local Educational Management Unit of San Román, 2014-2017. The methodology is the quantitative approach and the descriptive correlational design, the population represented by 160 teachers and the sample by 114 teachers and technical secretary, to whom the survey technique was applied and the instrument was a questionnaire, and for the collection of data a questionnaire was carried out on the “disciplinary processes” (v1) and the “performance of the Commission of Disciplinary Administrative Processes” (v2). To evaluate, the Chi square value coefficient (4.8) was used, which is less than 7.8, the value of the Chi square distribution. The results indicate that the calculated chi-square value of 4.8 is less than the chi-square value of 7.8, which means that, “Disciplinary processes are not related to the performance of the Commission of Disciplinary Administrative Processes”. The chi-square value (4.8) is not significant at the 0.05 level, which shows that it is located to the left of the null hypothesis. As a general rule, due to limitations, it is required that 80% of the cells in an association table have expected values greater than 5. In summary, the null hypothesis is validated and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. He concluded that there is no relationship between the “disciplinary processes” and the “performance of the Commission of Disciplinary Administrative Processes”, demonstrating the independence between the variables.

Memories of schooling, linguistic identity and cultural resistance: Aymara narratives from the Peruvian highlands

Lenny María Araca Quispe — 2026-07-01

This research aims to understand the memories of schooling constructed by Aymara indigenous people of the Peruvian highlands and their relationship to processes of linguistic identity and cultural resistance. It is developed from an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative approach, using narrative research as its method. Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with members of the Aymara community and analyzed using thematic coding. The results show that the creation and value of the school were associated with the community's interest in accessing Spanish language learning and greater opportunities for social participation. However, school experiences were marked by processes of linguistic subordination that restricted the use of the indigenous language and fostered asymmetrical relationships between the two languages. The narratives show that the loss or weakening of the native language is interpreted as affecting cultural identity and the bonds of belonging to the community. Nevertheless, discourses of resistance also emerge that reclaim the Aymara language as a fundamental element of collective memory and cultural continuity. It is concluded that schooling simultaneously constituted a space for access to formal knowledge and a scenario of cultural dispute, where language was configured as a central axis in the construction of identities and in the processes of resistance developed by the Aymara community.

Phonological analysis of the speech of rural Andean Spanish in La Paz, Bolivia: variation in free and complementary distribution

Mariano Paye Paye — 2026-07-01

This study analyzes the phonological variation of rural Andean Spanish in La Paz, Bolivia, with the aim of identifying phonological features influenced by Aymara and describing the behavior of allophones in free and complementary distribution among bilingual speakers in this region. The research employs a qualitative, descriptive-exploratory approach, based on a semi-structured interview with an Aymara speaker and its subsequent phonetic transcription according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The results identify phonological variations such as the alternation of [z] in relation to the phonemes /r/ and /ř/, the diphthongization of /i/ to [i̯], the dental assimilation of [s̩], the nasalization of /i/ to [ĩ], and the appearance of [j] in rising diphthongs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the influence of Aymara on the phonology of rural Andean Spanish, highlighting phonemic alternation and diphthongization processes characteristic of bilingual speakers.

Women's Participation in the Management of Basic Water Sanitation Projects

Elizabet Larico Sucaticona — 2026-07-01

The present study aimed to describe the participation of women in the management of the Basic Water Sanitation Project (SABA) in the Alegría Llancacahua Peasant Community, in the district of Putina, Puno; the research was developed under a quantitative approach, with a descriptive and non-experimental design; for the collection of data, the survey technique was used; the results show that 90.9% of women participate in water management through participatory budgets; likewise, 90.9% intervene in public spaces of participation within the peasant community, while 86.4% do so in the local government for the management of the water resource; It is concluded that women's participation in the SABA Project management is evident in various areas, such as participatory budgeting, the rural community, local/municipal government, as well as in project approval and budget execution. In this sense, their active participation in the management, supply of drinking water, and its domestic use contributes to improving the quality of life in the rural community of Alegría Llancacahua.

Empirical mathematical model for population control of Cavia porcellus

Alejandro Edbel Vilca Cabrera — 2026-07-02

The objective of this research is to develop an empirical mathematical optimization model to determine the optimal offtake level of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) for each season, ensuring population stability and the long-term sustainability of the production system. The model is constructed by identifying biological variables, survival and population parameters, and determining a control factor that maintains population equilibrium. A general mathematical expression is formulated to calculate the evolution of the total population based on the survival rates of offspring and adults, as well as the average litter size. Furthermore, the number of growers to be culled per cycle to prevent overpopulation is established. The main findings show the existence of a mathematical equilibrium factor that guarantees the replacement of the breeding stock and demonstrate that it is possible to predict the minimum number of offspring required to sustain periodic demand without compromising the stability of the production system.

Matrimonios en transformación: del deber al deseo entre la Generación X y los Millennials en Juliaca

Aida Gianella Zea Paredes — 2026-07-02

The article "Marriages in Transformation: From Duty to Desire among Generation X and Millennials in Juliaca" analyzes the sociocultural changes in marriage in the city of Juliaca. The study aims to identify differences in meanings, gender roles, family relationships, and marriage rituals between the two generations. A qualitative ethnographic methodology was applied, based on semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and a review of oral histories about past and present ceremonies. The results show a true symbolic and practical transformation of marriage: in Generation X, where union was a social and familial obligation, and where parents chose partners based on prestige or economic benefit, marriage represented a pact between families, accompanied by simple rituals and a strong obligation to duty. Among Millennials, however, marriage is associated with desire, personal choice, and emotional autonomy, although it maintains certain elements of reciprocity and ancestral respect, such as rituals. Here, these rituals are characterized by their exuberance and display, including large banquets, musical bands, and abundant symbolic offerings such as beer, food, and expensive material goods. This change reflects the adaptation of Andean traditions to an urban, globalized, and influenced context, where the modern and the traditional coexist and are reconfigured. The study concludes that marriage in Juliaca is now a space for cultural negotiation, where what it means to marry, love, and celebrate is redefined through new forms of generational identity.